【英语学霸笔记】初中必须掌握的英语知识点汇集2 - 在线打印
11.对“评价”、“天气”的提问之区别：What do you think of …?=
How do you like …? =How / What do you feel about…?
“你对…怎么看？”(How…?句中有like，是动词。)
What’s the weather like in…? = How is the weather in…?“…的天气什么样?”
(What…?句中有like，是介词，“像”。而How…?句中无like.)
12.take, cost, pay, spend区别：
It + take + sb + some time + to do sth： It took us half an hour to cut down the tree.
物 + cost + sb + 钱： The bag cost me thirty yuan.
若cost后无sb, 则译作“价钱是”： The bag costs 30 Yuan.
人+ pay + sb + 钱 + for sth： I paid the seller 200 Yuan for the bike..
(pay后所加内容可视具体情况取舍。切记for后接的是物，而不是人或钱。)
人 + spend + 时间/ 钱 + on sth / (in) doing sth.
The girl spent two hours (in) searching the Internet.
The girl always spends much money on her clothes.
spend 有时可指“度过”：spend holiday / weekends / winter
13.双宾结构：pass / give / teach / offer / lend / send / sell / call / show / buy / ask / tell 等可加双宾结构。也就是接sb + sth. Pass me the book, please. He gave us some pens.
其中pass, give, offer, lend, send, sell, show等也可接sth + to sb. 如: lend the book to me.
buy, build等可接sth + for sb. My brother bought a dictionary for me.
另外，若sth是代词时，不用双宾结构。Please show it to me. 而不说show me it.
14.部分词作连词与介词：（连词接句子，介词接名词或代词）
Keep careful when you are listening to the teacher. （斜体部分是句子，when是连词）
Keep careful when listening to the teacher. （斜体部分是名词短语，when是介词）
类似的，while, than, before, after, as, since, until等。
如：I’ll wait until I hear from her. （连词） I’ll wait until hearing from her. (介词)
I’ll wait until next Friday / September / 11:00. （接的都是表时间的短语，until是介词）
15.动词ed与动词ing作形容词用法之一: . 动词ed作形容词：表示被动或已发生,常作定语。The boy named Peter is my friend. 那个叫做彼得的男孩是我的朋友。
此处是后置定语，划线部分起修饰作用，下同。
He’s eating fried chicken. “他在吃炸鸡。”做chicken的前置定语。
There is no time left. “没时间剩余了。”做time的后置定语。
I have read a novel written by Lu Xun.我读了一部鲁迅写的小说。做后置定语。下同。
He lives in a house built twenty years ago. 他住在一个二十年前被建造的房子里。
一般来说，定语部分不只一个词时， 常放在名词的后面。
动词ing作形容词：表示正在进行或表示功能，常作定语。
the crying boy, a running bus, the rising sun, a bus running on the road,
the boy crying in the corner (以上表示正在进行)
a sitting room, the bathing suit, a cutting machine, writing paper…… (本行表示功能)
16.动词ed与动词ing作形容词用法之二： 由一些及物动词派生而来，和心理感受有关，但ed修饰人，ing常修饰物。 以下词凡是译为“使…”的及物动词，其ed形式的形容词都译为“感到…的”，其ing形式的形容词都译为“令人(感到)…的”。以下带-ed形式的词的各个短语一般都译为“对…感到…”。
及物动词, 后接人 ed形式及常见短语 ing形式
excite（使兴奋，使激动）
surprise（使惊讶，使吃惊）
amaze（使吃惊）
embarrass（使尴尬）
encourage(使受鼓舞, 鼓励)
frustrate（使失望，使沮丧）
interest（使感兴趣）
thrill（使激动/ 紧张）
terrify（使恐怖，使害怕）
please （使高兴，使满意）
satisfy (使满意)
frighten （使害怕，使惊惧）
tire（使厌烦）
bore（使厌烦）
relax（使放松）
fascinate（使着迷）
annoy（使烦恼）
move（使感动）
worry（使担忧）
confuse（使困惑）
His words amazed me. The news frustrated us very much. (都是及物动词，后接人)
His words were amazing. (修饰物) I was amazed at his words. (修饰人)
How exciting the film is! （修饰物） He was moved by the movie. (修饰人)
17.动词ing和带to不定式作主语：
To be a teacher is my dream. Working hard brings you success.
Taking care of our environment is very important. To plant trees makes me happy.
Reading books gives you knowledge. (以上各句谓语都用单数，见黑体部分)
Listening and writing are both difficult. (此句主语因指两件事，谓语用复数)
18.later / after / ago / before: later“…时间后”结构：时间段+later
常用于一般过去时。They went to Beijing five days later.
(later前无时间段，单独在句尾，常用于将来时：I’ll see you later.)
after“…时间后”结构：after+时间段，常用于一般过去时，和相同。
They went to Beijing after five days. The dog died after a week.
(after也可加句子, 但主句不一定用一般过去时：I’ll send you an e-mail after I get home.
Return it to me after you finish it. 见2.)
ago“…时间前”结构：时间段+ago, 用于一般过去时。
The Greens moved to Shanghai four weeks ago. I saw it ten minutes ago.
(若有since+时间段+ago，常用现在完成时：Mr. Li has worked here since 5 years ago.)
before 单独放在句尾，常用现在完成时：“以前”
I have been to London before. He has seen the film before.
(若是时间段+before,常用过去完成时，“…前”： I had seen the film two weeks before. We had found out the answer to the problem an hour before.)
19.四季：spring春；summer夏；autumn秋；winter冬；season季
20.月：January, 一月； February, 二月； March, 三月； April, 四月； May, 五月；
June, 六月； July, 七月； August, 八月； September, 九月； October, 十月；
November, 十一月； December, 十二月。
21.星期：Sunday, 周日；Monday, 周一；Tuesday, 周二；Wednesday, 周三；Thursday, 周四；Friday, 周五；Saturday, 周六。Sunday是一周的第一天， Saturday是最后一天。
22.“也”：either, 用于否定句的末尾。also, 通常挨着动词，少用于句尾。too, 通常在句尾，前常有逗号。as well, 只用于句尾, 前无逗号。 注意：后三个词都不用于否定句。
23.带to不定式用法之一：带to不定式有逻辑宾语在前时，to后动词用及物动词；不及物时需跟介词。The work is too hard for me to do. （work做及物动词do的逻辑宾语）
I have nothing to say. （nothing做及物动词say的逻辑宾语）
I have a letter to write. （letter是及物动词write的逻辑宾语） 而以下情况有介词：
I have a pen to write a letter with. （ 用钢笔写信，所以要有“用”字，故加with.）
The zoo is not a good place for animals to live in.
（“住在动物园里”，zoo是live in的逻辑宾语，故不及物动词live加介词in. ）
Tom has no friends to talk to. （friends 是talk to的逻辑宾语，to不可少。）
He runs too fast for us to catch up with. （he是catch up with的逻辑宾语，带with.） There are no seats to sit on. （坐在座位上，故sit后要加on.）
24.(a) little / (a) few: few，little“几乎没有；少”否定词。few加可数名词复数, little加不可数名词。 There is little water in the bottle, is there? (前否定，后肯定)
Tom is so shy that he has few friends.
a few“一些”肯定词，加可数名词复数; a little“一些；一点”也是肯定词，加不可数名词。 Tom is not an Englishman , but he knows a little English.
另外，在too, very, so等词后用few, little; 在only, just, still等词后用a few, a little. 而quite a few / a little 都译为“很多”，分别相当于many和much.
（注：有时a little…..并不是固定短语。如： a little sheep译为“一只小羊”）
25.及物动词+副词：put on (穿上) / put off (推迟) / put away (把…整理好) / put up (举起，搭起，挂起，张贴) / put down (放下) / put out(扑灭); break down(损坏，倒塌);
turn on(打开) / turn off (关闭) / turn up (调大) / turn down(关小); get back(取回);
use up(用光); cut up(切碎） eat up(吃光） sell out(卖完） cheer up(振作）
give away(赠送) / give out(发放) / give up(放弃) / give back(归还); pick up(捡起、拿起)
try out(验证) / try on(试穿); ring up/ call up(打电话); clean up / out （打扫干净）;
set up（成立）; think up（想出；想起）; hand in (上交) / hand out(分发；散发);
fix up(修理); work out(算出) dress up(打扮); help out(帮人解决);
keep off / keep out(阻止；挡住)； take off(脱下) / take away(拿走) / take out(拿出);
look up(查找) / look over(仔细查看); throw away / off (抛弃) wake up(叫醒); write down(写下); let down(使沮丧); make up(编造、组成)； set off(激起、触发)
注：名词做以上短语的宾语，可放在它们中间或后边；而代词做宾语，只放在中间。