as,which 用法区别
1.相同点
两者都可替代整个主句或其中某部分的词,在定语从句中作主语、宾语和表语。如果定语从句在主句之后,两者可以通用。如:
He failed in the exam,as(=which)is natural.他考试没有及格,这很自然。(替代整个主句,作从句的主语)
Grammar is not a set of dead rules, which(= as)I have said before.语法不是一套死规则,这我以前已经说过。
(替代整个主句,在从句中作宾语)
She seems(to be) a scientist,as(=which)in fact she is.她好像是个科学家,事实上她就是科学家。(替代scientist,在句中作表语)
2.不同点
(1)如果从句在主句之前,只能用 as 而不能用 which。如:
As we all know,his parents were killed in the accident我们都知道他的父母死于那次事故中。特别提示:as 从句甚至可以分割主句。如:
Taiwan,as you know, is an inseparable part of China.众所周知,台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。
Lu Xun,as you know,is a writer. 众所周知,鲁迅是作家。
(2)as代表前面全句意思时,有“正如”、“就像”的含义,常用的结
构有:as you know;as anybody can see;as is well-known; as is said;as it is 等,而 which 没有此含义。如:
He won the match, as we had expected.正如我们所预料的那样,他赢了这次比赛。
He agreed to the plan, as was to be expected.他同意了这项计划,这在预料之中。
(3)当先行词被 the same,such 修饰时,只能用as 引导定语从句。如:
He isn't the same person as he used to be.他不再是过去的那个样子了。
Don't believe in such men as praise you to your face.不要相信那些当面夸奖你的人。
I have never heard such a story as he is telling我从未听过像他正在讲述的这样的故事。
特别提示:当先行词被 the same 修饰时,也可以用 that 引导定语从句,但意义有所不同。试比较:
This is the same book as you bought yesterday.这本书和你昨天买的那本一模一样。(同类但不是同一本)
This is the same book that I bought yesterday这就是我昨天买的那本书。(指同一本)试翻译下面两个句子:
This is the same wallet as I lost the other day.
②This is the same wallet that I lost the other day Key:
①这个钱包同我前天丢的那个一样。
②这就是我前天丢的那个钱包。
(4)如果从句里的内容是对主句的评论,则只能用 which,不可用 as 引导。
The young man cheated his friend out of much money, which was disgraceful.那年轻人骗他的朋友许多钱,这是不光彩的。
He takes exercise every day, which has done a lot of good to his health.他每天坚持锻炼身体,这对他的健康大有好处。
(5)as在从句中作主语,后面常跟行为动词的被动形式;which在从句中作主语,后面常跟行为动词的主动形式。如:
She has been late again,as was expected.她又迟到了,这在预料之中。
It rained hard yesterday,which prevented me from going to the park.昨天雨下得很大,我无法去公园。
(6)当非限定性定语从句为否定句时,常用 which 引导。如:
The teacher often praised Mary in publie, which she doesn't like at all.老师经常在公共场合表扬玛丽,玛丽并不喜欢这样。
(7)当非限定性定语从句的谓语是一个复合结构时,常用 which引导。如:
She always tells lies, which her teacher finds unusual.她总是撒谎,关于这一点,她的老师发现不正常。
(8)从句和主句是因果关系时用 which,而不用 as。如:
The street hasn't been cleaned for weeks, which makes it very dirty.好几个星期没有打扫街道了,街道上很脏。
Kate always tells a lie,which made her parents angry.凯特总是说谎,这使她父母很生气。
(9)which在非限定性定语从句中可以作介词的宾语,而as却不可以。如:
I called him by the wrong name, for which I apologized.叫错了他的名字,为此我向他道了歉。
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