使用定语从句时应避免的错误
由于定语从句的结构和用法比较复杂,初学者应避免出现下列错误:
1.定语从句中谓语单复数的错误
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,谓语动词要和先行词的数保持一致。
(误)This is one of the books which was written by Lu Xun.
(正)This is one of the books which were written by Lu Xun.这是鲁迅所写的书的其中的一本。(先行词是 books,因此 was应改为 were。)
(误)He is the only one of the boys who have learned French.
(正)He is the only one of the boys who has learned French.他是这些孩子中唯一一个学过法语的人。(先行词是 one,定语从句的谓语应用单数动词 has。)
which引导非限定性定语从句,往往代表所说的整个情况,这时 which 被看作单数,其后的谓语应用单数形式。who 引导非限定性定语从句时,谓语的数仍与先行词一致。
(误)He said he was a Frenchman, which were not true.
(正)He said he was a Frenchman, which was not true.他说他是个法国人,那不是真的。
(误)I,who is a Chinese, will do my best for our country.
(正)I,who am a Chinese, will do my best for our country.我,一个中国人,要为我们的祖国尽力。
2.定语从句中重复了被关系代词或关系副词所替代的部分(误)
This is the most beautiful place that I have visited it.
(正)This is the most beautiful place that I have visited.这是我去过的最美的地方。
(应去掉 it,因 that 代替先行词 the most beautiful place 在定语从句中作visit的宾语,再加it就是多余的了。)
(误)The school where I worked there is a famous one .
(正)The school where I worked is a famous one.
我曾经工作过的学校是一所名校。(应去掉 there,因 where 引导定语从句,又在从句中代替 in the school 作状语)
3.省略了定语从句中作主语的关系代词
(误)The tomatoes are on the table were given to you .
(正)The tomatoes that are on the table were given to you.桌上的西红柿是给你的。(关系代词作主语不能省略)注:关系代词的省略与否要注意下列几种情况:
(1)关系代词作主语不能省略。
(2)作动词宾语的关系代词可以省略;作介词宾语的关系代词,如果不直接位于介词后可以省略,如果直接作介词的宾语,即“介词+关系代词”,不能省略。
(3)关系代词 which 在非限定性定语从句中不能省略。(4)reason,way后的关系代词可省,也可不省。
4.主句中缺少先行词
(误)Is this hall where we will hold our party next Sunday.
(正)Is this hall the one where we will hold our party next Sun day?这就是我们下星期天将在那里举行晚会的那个大厅吗?
我们可利用还原法将句子还原为:
This hall is the one where we will hold our party next Sunday.便知道错句中缺少先行词。
5.定语从句中加了多余的介词或副词。如:
(误)The room where he lives in is bigger than mine.(正)The room he lives in is bigger than mine.
(正)The room where he lives is bigger than mine.他住的房间比我的大。
(应去掉从句中的 in,因为 where 是关系副词,相当于 in which,这样in就是多余的部分了,或者去掉关系副词,这样从句中可视为省略 which)
(误)This is the time at when we go home every day.
(正)This is the time when we go home every day.
(正)This is the time at which we go home every day这是我们每天回家的时间。
(应去掉 at,因为 when 相当于 at which,或者把 when 改为 which)
6.定语从句的时态
(误)There will be a special price for anybody who will order a suit in the next two week.
(正)There will be a special price for anybody who orders a suif in the next two week.任何人在下两周内定做衣服都将享受优惠价格。
(误)Those who will go tomorrow's show have to come to get their tickets this afternoon.
(正)Those who will go tomorrow's show will have to come to get their tickets this afternoon.明天去看演出的人今天下午来取票。
如果主句是将来时,从句动词表示的动作与主句动作发生在同一时间,从句要用一般现在时表示一般将来时,用一般过去时表示过去将来时。但是,如果从句动词表示的动作与主句动作不发生在将来的同一时间,则两部分都要用一般将来时。
7.关系代词引导的定语从句中有时带有插入语,而该插入语后不用逗号隔开,给做题带来了困难。
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