一.宾语从句
1.概述
宾语从句是主从复合句中最常见的从句之一。整个句子的结构是以主句开始,主句有主语和谓语动词(必须是及物动词),而宾语是一个句子。从句本身有主语、谓语及其他成分。试比较下列句子:
简单句主know宾
him.我认识他。
谓
复合句:主句 I know(that) he is a good student.宾语从句
注:谓语动词、介词(except,but,besides,in等),可以跟宾语从句,某些形容词(如glad,certain,sure,happy,pleased,àfraid 等)也可以跟宾语从句。
I could say nothing but that I was sorry.我除了说声抱歉外,没什么可说的。
My teacher was satisfied with what I did .老师对我所做的一切感到满意。
I'm afraid that I can't help you.我恐怕不能帮你的忙了
2.记忆方法:
宾语从句是高考的热点,我们采用浓缩记忆法去记忆,效果颇佳。
浓缩记忆法就是抓住主要头绪,紧扣关键字眼,把较复杂的识记材料以概括和浓缩的方式来进行记忆的一种方法。运用此法,只要牢记要点,结合联想,并加以必要的扩充就能较全面地再现完整的内容。
宾语从句可浓缩为:一个定义,二个难点,三种连词分解如下:
I.一个定义:在复合句中作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。
Ⅱ.二个难点:①宾语从句的语序
②主从句的时态呼应
(1)宾语从句的语序
宾语从句的语序要用陈述句语序。在把两个独立的句子连成一个含宾语从句的复合句时,要特别注意从句的语序。
Where does he work? Do you know? →Do you know where he works?你知道他在哪里工作吗?
助记歌诀:宾从语序用陈述,请你一定要记熟。
把疑问语序改为陈述语序的方法:
①如果有 be 动词、情态动词以及 shall,will,has,have 等助动词,把它们调到主语之后即可。如:
What are they doing? The teacher asks.→ The teacher asks what they are doing.
②如果有 do,does,did 等助动词,必须将其去掉。但在否定疑问句中,doesn't,don't,didn't 等则不能去掉。如:
Do you like English? The teacher asks.→ The teacher asks if you like English.
Didn't Peter go there yesterday? I asked.→ I asked if Peter didn't go there yesterday.
(2)主从句的时态呼应
在复合句中,从句中的动词时态在一定程度上受到主句动词时态的制约,这种现象称为时态呼应。
①当主句是一般现在时或一般将来时态时,宾语从句可根据实际情况使用任何时态。如:
I hear he went to Beijing yesterday. 我听说他昨天去北京了。
I know that she is leaving for Guangzhou tomorrow.我知道她明天将要去广州。
He believes that he has mastered enough knowledge.他相信自己已掌握了足够多的知识。
Have you decided what we will do tomorrow?你拿定主意我们明天干什么吗?
②当主句是过去时态,宾语从句必须用过去时态的某种形式。
He said he was working hard on Chinese他说他在努力学习中文。
(从句的动作与主句的动作同时发生,从句用过去进行时)
She was sorry that she hadn't finished her work on time.她很遗憾没有按时完成工作。(过去完成时)
Her father said that he would buy a new computer the next week她爸爸说下周将买台新电脑。(过去将来时)
He told us what happened to him in 2006.他告诉我们 2006 年发生在他身上的事。(一般过去时)
注意下列主句中的 could,would 不表示过去时态,而是表示一种客气、婉转的语气,所以宾语从句的谓语动词可根据需要用任何时态。
助记歌诀:
情态过去非过去,说话婉转和客气,回答必须用原形,劝君一定记心里。
Could you tell me .when he will be back?你能告诉我他什么时候回来吗?
Could you tell me where you went last night?你能告诉我昨晚你去哪里了吗?
Yes,I can.(用could 提问,回答用 can)
③如果宾语从句表示的是一个永恒不变的客观事实或普遍真理、科学原理、自然现象,即使主句是过去时,从句仍然用一般现在时。
The teacher told us the earth goes round the sun老师告诉我们地球绕着太阳转。(客观事实)
The teacher said practice makes perfect.老师说熟能生巧。(真理)
The teacher told the boys two and two is four.老师告诉孩子们二加二等于四。(客观事实)
He said water covers most of the earth.他说水覆盖了地球的大部分。(客观事实)
They said that the earth is round.他们说地球是圆的。
助记歌诀:
“宾从”时态怎么办?根据主句来判断:
主句现在,从随便;主句过去,从变换;
“主从”动作同发生,“过去进行”从句中;
“宾从”动作先发生,“过去完成”时态用;
“宾从”动作后发生,“过去将来”时态用;
“宾从”表达是真理,“一般现在”代“过去”。
以上规则记心里,时态呼应没问题。
Ⅲ.“三种连词”
(1)连词 that在宾语从句中无实际意义,它所连接的宾语从句是陈
述说明某一事实,句子成分一般俱全,句意明确。把一个陈述句变为宾语从句,要用 that 引导。如:
They are good men . She said.→She said (that) they were good men .
She said that she had read the book and that it was very inter esting.她说她看过这本书,这本书很有趣。
(2)if或whether 表示“是否”,用它引导句子,说明对所陈述的事物不明确或不清楚,常用在 ask,wonder,can you tell me之后;把一个一般疑问句变为宾语从句时,用 if(whether)连接。如:
Are these answers right? She asked.→She asked if (whether)these answers were right.
(3)连接代词(who,whose,what)连接副词(when,why,where,
how),有明确的意义,在宾语从句中充当句子成分,表示对不知道的人、事物、地点、时间、方式等的询问。把特殊疑问句变为宾语从句时,特殊疑问词作宾语从句的引导词。如: Do you know what he has done?你知道他干什么去了吗?(作宾语) Please ask her which book is hers?请问问她哪本书是她的。(作定语)
Go and ask Jim who found his lost watch.
去问问吉姆谁发现了他丢失的手表。(作主语)
We don't know who/whom they will go to Beijing with.我们不知道他将和谁一块去北京。(作 with 的宾语) Please tell us why you are late .
请告诉我们你为什么迟到了。(作原因状语)
How long has Mr. Turner been back? He asked.→ He asked how long Mr. Turner had been back.他问特纳先生回来多久了。(作时间状语)
When did he buy this watch? Do you know?→ Do you know when he bought this watch?
你知道他什么时候买的这块手表吗?(作时间状语)
助记歌诀:
that 连接陈述句,省与不省没关系。
一般疑问表“是否”,if、whether 来引导。
特殊问句作宾语,原疑问词就可以。
三种连词须牢记,切莫丢东忘了西。
二.巧选 if 和 whether
助记歌诀:
if、whether 引宾从,一般情况可换用。
whether 用于书面语,if 用在口语中。
主句、从句来连接,不把句中成分充。
下列情况用 whether,劝君务必记心中。
主从、表从、同位从,连词 whether 当先锋。
不定式前、介词后,若用 if 行不通。
discuss.or not, whether 引导方可行。
避免歧义要慎重,若用 if 义不明。
宾从若是否定句,if 发挥其功能。
说明:一般来说,if和 whether 都可以引导宾语从句,两者可以互换。
if 常用于口语中,whether 则多用于书面语中。如:
He asked if/whether they needed some more tea.他问他们是否还需要些茶。
但下列情况只能用 whether,而不能用 if;
1.引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句只能用 whether。
Whether we'll go to the Great Wall tomorrow depends on the weather.明天我们是否去参观长城要看天气而定。(主语从句)
The question is whether he can lend us some money.问题是他能否借给我们一些钱。
The question whether I will buy a new computer hasn't been de cided.我是否买台新电脑,这个问题尚未决定。(同位语从句)
2.作介词的宾语不用 if。
I worry about whether I hurt her feelings.我担心是否伤害了他的感情。
I don't know whether he will go abroad.我不知道他是否要出国。
It all depends on whether the weather is fine.一切都取决于天气如何。
3.不定式前不能用 if。
Please tell us whether to go or stay. 请告诉我们是去还是留下。
4.在口语中 if...or not=whether… or not,但 whether 还可直接和 or not 连用,而 if则不能。
I don't know whether/if they will come or not. I don't know whether or not they will come.我不知道他们是来还是不来。
5.在 discuss/wonder/don't care 等动词后不用 if。
The students are discussing whether they can finish the work on time.学生们正讨论他们是否能按时完成这项工作。
I don't care whether the manager will unemploy me .我不在乎经理是否将解雇我。
6.用 if 可能产生歧义时,则只能用 whether。
Please let me know if you like the book.这句话有两种含义:
A.请告诉我你是否喜欢这本书。
B.如果你喜欢这本书,请告诉我。(如果用 whether 就可避免产生歧义)
7.宾语从句移至句首时,只能用 whether。
Whether it is true or not,I can't say.这是不是真的,我不能说。
8.如果宾语从句是否定句,只能用if引导。
I want to know if he hasn't finished his homework.我想知道他是不是没有完成作业。
I don't care if he doesn't show up.他来不来我都不在乎。
三、that 的保留与省略
引导宾语从句的 that 一般都可以省略,但在下列情况中,that一般不可省略:
1.句中若有两个并列的 that 分句作宾语,第一个 that 分句的连词可省略,第二个分句的连词不能省略,如:
I believe(that)you have done your best and that things will get better.
Tom said(that)Chinese was the most difficult tongue in the world and that we must work hard at it .
2.前面有间接宾语时,如:
He told me that he would come back on time.
3.位于“形式宾语 it +宾补”之后时,如:
She made it clear that she had nothing to do with him .
4.that一般不引导介词之后的宾语从句,但在介词 except(只不过;
只是)后可以用 that,且不能省略,如:
Iknow nothing about our new English teacher except that he is an American.对新来的英语老师我一点都不了解,只知道他是个美国人。
5.用作宾语的 that 从句如果为了强调而置于句首,连词 that 也不能省略。如:
That our team will win,I believe .
6.与动词相隔离的宾语从句一般不省略 that,如:
The teacher tells us very often that we should study hard.老师经常告诉我们要努力学习。
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